cen in Old Irish

IPA: /kʲen/ [Show additional information ▼] [Hide additional information ▲]

Etymology: From Proto-Celtic *kina (“on this side of”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *ḱís (“this (here)”); compare Breton ken (“otherwise”). Etymology templates: {{inh|sga|cel-pro|*kina||on this side of}} Proto-Celtic *kina (“on this side of”), {{der|sga|ine-pro|*ḱís|t=this (here)}} Proto-Indo-European *ḱís (“this (here)”), {{cog|br|ken|t=otherwise}} Breton ken (“otherwise”) Head templates: {{head|sga|preposition|triggers lenition}} cen (triggers lenition) Inflection templates: {{sga-mutation}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], cenutsu [emphatic, second-person, singular], cene [accusative, error-unrecognized-form, singular], cenae [accusative, error-unrecognized-form, singular], cenuibsi [dative, emphatic, plural, second-person], cenaib [accusative, plural, third-person], no-table-tags [table-tags], cen [mutation, mutation-radical], chen [lenition, mutation], cen [error-unrecognized-form, mutation]

Inflected forms

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{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "unbeknownst to, unknown to",
      "translation": "unbeknownst to, unknown to",
      "word": "cen ḟis do"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "already",
      "translation": "already",
      "word": "cene"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "Irish",
      "lang_code": "ga",
      "word": "gan"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Manx",
      "lang_code": "gv",
      "word": "gyn"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
      "lang_code": "gd",
      "word": "gun"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "cel-pro",
        "3": "*kina",
        "4": "",
        "5": "on this side of"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kina (“on this side of”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*ḱís",
        "t": "this (here)"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱís (“this (here)”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "br",
        "2": "ken",
        "t": "otherwise"
      },
      "expansion": "Breton ken (“otherwise”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Celtic *kina (“on this side of”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *ḱís (“this (here)”); compare Breton ken (“otherwise”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "inflection-table-top",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cenutsu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "emphatic",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cene",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cenae",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cenuibsi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "emphatic",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cenaib",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sga-mutation",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cen",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "mutation",
        "mutation-radical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "chen",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "lenition",
        "mutation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cen",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "mutation"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "preposition",
        "3": "triggers lenition"
      },
      "expansion": "cen (triggers lenition)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "sga-mutation"
    }
  ],
  "info_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "acc",
        "catpos": "prep"
      },
      "expansion": "[with accusative]",
      "extra_data": {
        "tags": [
          "accusative"
        ]
      },
      "name": "+obj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old Irish",
  "lang_code": "sga",
  "pos": "prep",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "38 31 30",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Irish prepositions",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "38 38 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Irish prepositions governing the accusative",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "except"
      ],
      "head_nr": 1,
      "id": "en-cen-sga-prep-sRJ5VHvE",
      "links": [
        [
          "except",
          "except"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "triggers-lenition"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "38 31 30",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Irish prepositions",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "38 38 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Irish prepositions governing the accusative",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "without"
      ],
      "head_nr": 1,
      "id": "en-cen-sga-prep-EhayqIl1",
      "links": [
        [
          "without",
          "without"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "triggers-lenition"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "10 11 78",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "38 31 30",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Irish prepositions",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "38 38 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Irish prepositions governing the accusative",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "not to (followed by a verbal noun)"
      ],
      "head_nr": 1,
      "id": "en-cen-sga-prep-4JbJApD~",
      "links": [
        [
          "not",
          "not"
        ],
        [
          "to",
          "to"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "triggers-lenition"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kʲen/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "cen"
}

[Show JSON for raw wiktextract data ▼] [Hide JSON for raw wiktextract data ▲]

{
  "categories": [
    "Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
    "Old Irish lemmas",
    "Old Irish prepositions",
    "Old Irish prepositions governing the accusative",
    "Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
    "Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Old Irish terms inherited from Proto-Celtic",
    "Old Irish terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Pages with 12 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "cy:Dental hygiene",
    "cy:Lichens",
    "cy:Skin"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "english": "unbeknownst to, unknown to",
      "translation": "unbeknownst to, unknown to",
      "word": "cen ḟis do"
    },
    {
      "english": "already",
      "translation": "already",
      "word": "cene"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "Irish",
      "lang_code": "ga",
      "word": "gan"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Manx",
      "lang_code": "gv",
      "word": "gyn"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
      "lang_code": "gd",
      "word": "gun"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "cel-pro",
        "3": "*kina",
        "4": "",
        "5": "on this side of"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kina (“on this side of”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*ḱís",
        "t": "this (here)"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱís (“this (here)”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "br",
        "2": "ken",
        "t": "otherwise"
      },
      "expansion": "Breton ken (“otherwise”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Celtic *kina (“on this side of”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *ḱís (“this (here)”); compare Breton ken (“otherwise”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "inflection-table-top",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cenutsu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "emphatic",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cene",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cenae",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cenuibsi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "emphatic",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cenaib",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sga-mutation",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cen",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "mutation",
        "mutation-radical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "chen",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "lenition",
        "mutation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cen",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "mutation"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "preposition",
        "3": "triggers lenition"
      },
      "expansion": "cen (triggers lenition)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "sga-mutation"
    }
  ],
  "info_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "acc",
        "catpos": "prep"
      },
      "expansion": "[with accusative]",
      "extra_data": {
        "tags": [
          "accusative"
        ]
      },
      "name": "+obj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old Irish",
  "lang_code": "sga",
  "pos": "prep",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "except"
      ],
      "head_nr": 1,
      "links": [
        [
          "except",
          "except"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "triggers-lenition"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "without"
      ],
      "head_nr": 1,
      "links": [
        [
          "without",
          "without"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "triggers-lenition"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "not to (followed by a verbal noun)"
      ],
      "head_nr": 1,
      "links": [
        [
          "not",
          "not"
        ],
        [
          "to",
          "to"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "triggers-lenition"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kʲen/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "cen"
}

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{
  "called_from": "page/1713/20221215",
  "msg": "later head without list of senses,template node #, cen/Old Irish",
  "path": [
    "cen"
  ],
  "section": "Old Irish",
  "subsection": "preposition",
  "title": "cen",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Person:'",
  "path": [
    "cen"
  ],
  "section": "Old Irish",
  "subsection": "preposition",
  "title": "cen",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'third m or n'",
  "path": [
    "cen"
  ],
  "section": "Old Irish",
  "subsection": "preposition",
  "title": "cen",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'third m or n'",
  "path": [
    "cen"
  ],
  "section": "Old Irish",
  "subsection": "preposition",
  "title": "cen",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'third f'",
  "path": [
    "cen"
  ],
  "section": "Old Irish",
  "subsection": "preposition",
  "title": "cen",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'third f'",
  "path": [
    "cen"
  ],
  "section": "Old Irish",
  "subsection": "preposition",
  "title": "cen",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'nasalization'",
  "path": [
    "cen"
  ],
  "section": "Old Irish",
  "subsection": "preposition",
  "title": "cen",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "page/1896",
  "msg": "Template nesting error: template_nesting = 1 couldn't split inflection templates, cen/Old Irish section inflection",
  "path": [
    "cen"
  ],
  "section": "Old Irish",
  "subsection": "preposition",
  "title": "cen",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old Irish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.

"cen" meaning in Old Irish

Preposition

Inflected forms